Experiment : 11 : Capture Images from Web Camera using Raspberry Pi and Apply Filters to Increase Image Quality

import cv2

import numpy as np

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0, cv2.CAP_V4L2)

if not cap.isOpened():

    print("Error: Could not open web camera.")

    exit()

ret, frame = cap.read()

if not ret:

   print("Error: Could not capture image.")

     exit()

cap.release()

image_path = "captured_image.jpg"

cv2.imwrite(image_path, frame)

image = cv2.imread(image_path)

blurred_image = cv2.GaussianBlur(image, (5, 5), 0)

kernel = np.array([[0,-1, 0], [-1, 5,-1], [0,-1, 0]])

sharpened_image = cv2.filter2D(blurred_image,-1, kernel)

gray_image = cv2.cvtColor(sharpened_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

equalized_image = cv2.equalizeHist(gray_image)

cv2.imwrite("blurred_image.jpg", blurred_image)

cv2.imwrite("sharpened_image.jpg", sharpened_image)

cv2.imwrite("equalized_image.jpg", equalized_image)

cv2.imshow("Original Image", image)

cv2.imshow("Blurred Image", blurred_image)

cv2.imshow("Sharpened Image", sharpened_image)

cv2.imshow("Equalized Image", equalized_image)

cv2.waitKey(0)

cv2.destroyAllWindows()

rr

 import adafruit_dht

import board

import requests

import time

# DHT11 sensor configuration

dhtDevice = adafruit_dht.DHT11(board.D4)

# ThingSpeak configuration

THINGSPEAK_API_KEY = "218PQ4GZVW9P3NDS"  # Replace with your API key

THINGSPEAK_URL = "https://api.thingspeak.com/update"

def read_sensor_data():

    temperature = dhtDevice.temperature

    humidity = dhtDevice.humidity

    if humidity is not None and temperature is not None:

        return temperature, humidity

    else:

        print("Failed to retrieve data from DHT11 sensor.")

        return None, None

def send_to_thingspeak(temperature, humidity):

    payload = {

        "api_key": THINGSPEAK_API_KEY,

        "field1": temperature,

        "field2": humidity

    }

    response = requests.get(THINGSPEAK_URL, params=payload)

    if response.status_code == 200:

        print("Data sent to ThingSpeak successfully.")

    else:

        print("Failed to send data to ThingSpeak.")

def main():

    try:

        while True:

            temperature, humidity = read_sensor_data()

            if temperature is not None and humidity is not None:

                print(f"Temperature: {temperature} C, Humidity: {humidity}%")

                send_to_thingspeak(temperature, humidity)

            time.sleep(10)  # Wait 10 seconds before next reading

    finally:

        dhtDevice.exit()

if __name__ == "__main__":

    main()

RSP1

import adafruit_dht

import board

import requests

import time

# DHT11 sensor configuration

dhtDevice = adafruit_dht.DHT11(board.D4)

# ThingSpeak configuration

THINGSPEAK_API_KEY = "218PQ4GZVW9P3NDS"  # Replace with your API key

THINGSPEAK_URL = "https://api.thingspeak.com/update"

def read_sensor_data():

    temperature = dhtDevice.temperature

    humidity = dhtDevice.humidity

    if humidity is not None and temperature is not None:

        return temperature, humidity

    else:

        print("Failed to retrieve data from DHT11 sensor.")

        return None, None

def send_to_thingspeak(temperature, humidity):

    payload = {

        "api_key": THINGSPEAK_API_KEY,

        "field1": temperature,

        "field2": humidity

    }

    response = requests.get(THINGSPEAK_URL, params=payload)

    if response.status_code == 200:

        print("Data sent to ThingSpeak successfully.")

    else:

        print("Failed to send data to ThingSpeak.")

def main():

    try:

        while True:

            temperature, humidity = read_sensor_data()

            if temperature is not None and humidity is not None:

                print(f"Temperature: {temperature} C, Humidity: {humidity}%")

                send_to_thingspeak(temperature, humidity)

            time.sleep(10)  # Wait 10 seconds before next reading

    finally:

        dhtDevice.exit()

if __name__ == "__main__":

    main()

Exoeriment 9 (EM 18 Reader Module)

 //#include <SPI.h>

//#include <MFRC522.h>

#define RST_PIN 9

#define SS_PIN 10

//MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);

// Map each card UID to a name and add more cards as needed

String cardUIDs[] = { "1D000552D19B", "1D000858E7AA", "1D0006B8BD1E"}; // Replace with actual UIDs from EM-18

String cardNames[] = { "mahesh", "Charan","manikanta"};   // Replace with actual names

// Function to get the name associated with the UID

String getCardName(String uid) {

  for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(cardUIDs) / sizeof(cardUIDs[0]); i++) {

    if (uid == cardUIDs[i]) {

      return cardNames[i];

    }

  }

  return "Unknown";

}

void setup () {

  Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication with EM-18 (default 9600 baud)

  Serial.println("Scan your RFID card...");

}

void loop () {

  // Check if EM-18 sent data

  if (Serial.available() > 0) {

    String uid = Serial.readStringUntil('\n'); // Read UID until newline (EM-18 sends 12 chars + CR/LF)

    uid.trim();  // Remove spaces/newline characters

    String name = getCardName(uid);

    if (name != "Unknown") {

      Serial.print("Attendance Marked for: ");

      Serial.println(name);

    } else {

      Serial.print("Card not recognized: ");

      Serial.println(uid);

    }

  }

}

Testbench Code 2

 `timescale 1ns / 1ps

module traffic_light_tb();

reg clk;

reg reset;

wire red;

wire yellow;

wire green;

traffic_light_controller dut( .clk(clk), .reset(reset), .red(red), .yellow(yellow),

  .green(green) );

always #5 clk = ~clk; 

initial begin

  clk = 0;

  reset = 1;

  #10 reset = 0;

  #100 $finish;

end

always @(posedge clk) begin

  $display("RED=%b YELLOW=%b GREEN=%b", red, yellow, green);

end

endmodule. 

Design Code 2

 `timescale 1ns / 1ps

module traffic_light_controller(

  input clk, reset, 

  output reg red, yellow, green );

localparam RED = 3'b001; 

localparam YELLOW = 3'b010;

localparam GREEN = 3'b100;

reg [2:0] state; 

always @(posedge clk)

begin

  if (reset) 

    state <= RED;

  else

    case (state)

      RED: begin

        red <= 1'b1;

        yellow <= 1'b0;

        green <= 1'b0;

        state <= YELLOW;

      end

      YELLOW: begin

        red <= 1'b0;

        yellow <= 1'b1; 

        green <= 1'b0;

        state <= GREEN;

      end

      GREEN: begin

        red <= 1'b0;

        yellow <= 1'b0;

        green <= 1'b1;

        state <= RED;

      end

    endcase

end

endmodule. 

Testbench Code 1

 `timescale 1ns / 1ps

module vending_machine_tb;

    // Inputs

    reg clk, reset, cancel;

    reg [1:0] coin, sel;

    

    // Outputs

    wire PrA, PrB, PrC, change;

    // Instantiate the vending machine module

    vending_machine uut (

        .clk(clk),

        .reset(reset),

        .cancel(cancel),

        .coin(coin),

        .sel(sel),

        .PrA(PrA),

        .PrB(PrB),

        .PrC(PrC),

        .change(change)

    );

    // Clock Generation: 10ns period (50MHz clock)

    always #5 clk = ~clk; 

    // Test Procedure

    initial begin

        // Initialize Inputs

        clk = 0;

        reset = 1;

        cancel = 0;

        coin = 2'b00;

        sel = 2'b00;

        

        // Hold reset for 20 ns

        #20 reset = 0;

        // Test Case 1: Insert Rs. 5 and Buy Product A

        #10 coin = 2'b01;   // Insert Rs. 5

        #10 sel = 2'b00;    // Select Product A

        #10 coin = 2'b00;   // Stop inserting coins

        #20;

        // Test Case 2: Insert Rs. 10 and Buy Product B

        #10 coin = 2'b10;   // Insert Rs. 10

        #10 sel = 2'b01;    // Select Product B

        #20;

        // Test Case 3: Insert Rs. 5 twice (Total Rs. 10) and Buy Product A (Expect Rs. 5 change)

        #10 coin = 2'b01;   // Insert Rs. 5

        #10 coin = 2'b01;   // Insert Rs. 5 again (Total Rs. 10)

        #10 sel = 2'b00;    // Select Product A

        #20;

        // Test Case 4: Insert Rs. 20 and Buy Product C

        #10 coin = 2'b10;   // Insert Rs. 10

        #10 coin = 2'b10;   // Insert Rs. 10 again (Total Rs. 20)

        #10 sel = 2'b10;    // Select Product C

        #20;

        // Test Case 5: Insert Rs. 10 and Cancel Transaction

        #10 coin = 2'b10;   // Insert Rs. 10

        #10 cancel = 1;     // Press Cancel

        #10 cancel = 0;     // Release Cancel

        #20;

        // End Simulation

        #50 $finish;

    end

    // Monitor the signals

    initial begin

        $monitor("Time = %d, Coin = %b, Sel = %b, Cancel = %b, PrA = %b, PrB = %b, PrC = %b, Change = %b",

                  $time, coin, sel, cancel, PrA, PrB, PrC, change);

    end

endmodule

Design Code 1

 Design Code:

`timescale 1ns / 1ps

module vending_machine(

    input clk, reset, cancel,

    input [1:0] coin, sel,

    output reg PrA, PrB, PrC, change

);

    // State encoding using parameter 

    parameter S0 = 3'b000, S5 = 3'b001, S10 = 3'b010, S15 = 3'b011, S20 = 3'b100;

    reg [2:0] current_state, next_state;

    // Sequential logic for state transition

    always @(posedge clk or posedge reset) begin

        if (reset)

            current_state <= S0; // Reset to initial state

        else

            current_state <= next_state;

    end

    // Next State Logic (Combinational)

    always @(*) begin

        case (current_state)

            S0: begin

                if (coin == 2'b01) next_state = S5;

                else if (coin == 2'b10) next_state = S10;

                else next_state = S0;

            end

            S5: begin

                if (coin == 2'b01) next_state = S10;

                else if (coin == 2'b10) next_state = S15;

                else if (cancel) next_state = S0;

                else next_state = S5;

            end

            S10: begin

                if (coin == 2'b01) next_state = S15;

                else if (coin == 2'b10) next_state = S20;

                else if (cancel) next_state = S0;

                else next_state = S10;

            end

            S15: begin

                if (coin == 2'b01) next_state = S20;

                else if (cancel) next_state = S0;

                else next_state = S15;

            end

            S20: begin

                if (cancel) next_state = S0;

                else next_state = S20;

            end

            default: next_state = S0; // Default state

        endcase

    end

    // Output Logic

    always @(posedge clk or posedge reset) begin

        if (reset) begin

            PrA <= 0;

            PrB <= 0;

            PrC <= 0;

            change <= 0;

        end 

        else begin

            // Default values (avoid latches)

            PrA <= 0;

            PrB <= 0;

            PrC <= 0;

            change <= 0;

            case (current_state)

                S5: begin

                    if (sel == 2'b00) begin

                        PrA <= 1;  // Product A (Rs. 5)

                        change <= 0; // No change needed

                    end

                end

                

                S10: begin

                    if (sel == 2'b00) begin

                        PrA <= 1;  // Product A (Rs. 5)

                        change <= 1; // Rs. 5 change

                    end

                    else if (sel == 2'b01) begin

                        PrB <= 1; // Product B (Rs. 10)

                        change <= 0; // No change needed

                    end

                end

                

                S15: begin

                    if (sel == 2'b01) begin

                        PrB <= 1;  // Product B (Rs. 10)

                        change <= 1; // Rs. 5 change

                    end

                end

                

                S20: begin

                    if (sel == 2'b00) begin

                        PrA <= 1;

                        change <= 1; // Rs. 15 change

                    end

                    else if (sel == 2'b01) begin

                        PrB <= 1;

                        change <= 1; // Rs. 10 change

                    end

                    else if (sel == 2'b10) begin

                        PrC <= 1; // Product C (Rs. 20)

                        change <= 0; // No change needed

                    end

                end

            endcase

            

            // Handle cancellation (return money)

            if (cancel) 

                change <= 1;

        end

    end

endmodule

IOT LAB EXP 4.2 PROGRAM

 #include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

 #include "Adafruit_MQTT.h"

 #include "Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h"

 #define WLAN_SSID "ECE_STAFF_ROOM"

  #define WLAN_PASS "specnet@23"

 #define AIO_SERVER "io.adafruit.com"

 #define AIO_SERVERPORT 1883

 #define AIO_USERNAME "ChanduPrasanth"

 #define AIO_KEY "aio_WIaH72ooBeG8RlOfFJxF3a1DRGXV"

 // Create an ESP8266 WiFiClient class to connect to the MQTT server.

 WiFiClient client;

 // Setup the MQTT client class by passing in the WiFi client and

 // MQTT server and login details.

 Adafruit_MQTT_Client mqtt(&client, AIO_SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT, AIO_USERNAME, AIO_KEY);

 // Setup a feed called iot-lab-exp04-attendance for publishing.

 Adafruit_MQTT_Publish attendanceFeed = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt,

 "ChanduPrasanth/feeds/iot attendance");

 void connectMQTT() {

 Serial.print("Connecting to Adafruit IO...");

 while (mqtt.connected() == false) {

 if (mqtt.connect()) {

 Serial.println("Connected to Adafruit IO !");

 } else {

 Serial.println("Failed to connect to Adafruit IO, retrying in 5s...");

 delay(5000);

 }

 }

 }

 void setup() {

 Serial.begin(115200);

 delay(10);

 Serial.println("Adafruit MQTT demo");

 // Connect to WiFi access point.

 Serial.println(); Serial.println();

 Serial.print("Connecting to ");

 Serial.println(WLAN_SSID);

 WiFi.begin(WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS);

 while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

 delay(500);

 Serial.print(".");

 }

 Serial.println();

 Serial.println("WiFi connected");

 Serial.print("IP address: "); Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

 connectMQTT();

 }

 

 void loop() {

 // Now we can publish stuff!

 Serial.print("Sending Attendance ");

 Serial.print("...");

 if (mqtt.connected()){

 // Replace your 10-Digit roll number here

 if (! attendanceFeed.publish("22261A0400")) {

 Serial.println("Failed");

 } else {

 Serial.println("OK!");

 }

 }

 delay(5000);

 }

IOT LAB EXP 4.1 PROGRAM

 #include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

 #include <ESP8266HTTPClient.h>

 const char* ssid = "ECE_STAFF_ROOM";

 const char* password = "specnet@23";

 String server = "http://api.thingspeak.com/update";

 String apiKey = "65AZ09LAJJKJQ0D3";

 WiFiClient client;

 #include <DHT.h>

 #define DHTPIN 4

 #define DHTTYPE DHT11

 DHT dht(DHTPIN,DHTTYPE);

 float h;

 float t;

  void setup() {

 Serial.begin(115200);

 WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

 Serial.print("Connecting.");

 while(WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED){

 delay(1000);

 Serial.print(".");

 }

 Serial.println(": Connected to WiFi!");

 dht.begin();

 }

 void loop() {

 h = dht.readHumidity();

 t = dht.readTemperature();

 HTTPClient http;

 // Place your 10-digit roll number in the string below

 String url = server + "?api_key=" + apiKey + "&field1=22261A0400" +

 "&field2="+String(h) + "&field3="+ String(t);

 http.begin(client,url);

 int httpCode = http.GET();

 if(httpCode > 0){

 Serial.println("Data Sent Successfully");

 }else{

 Serial.println("Error sending data");

 }

 http.end();

 delay(5000);

 } 

IOT LAB EXP3 PROGRAM

 #include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

 #include <ThingSpeak.h>

 #include <DHT.h>

 #define DHTPIN 4

 #define DHTTYPE DHT11

 const char* ssid = "PLACEMENTDRIVE";

 // Replace with your Wi-Fi SSID

 const char* password = "specplacements"; // Replace with your Wi-Fi password

 unsigned long ch_id = 2995467; // Replace with your ThingSpeak Channel ID

 const char* apiKey = "EW2AWHPQ8QW31G1V"; // Replace with your ThingSpeak API Key

 DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

 WiFiClient client;

 

 void setup() {

 Serial.begin(9600);

 dht.begin();

 WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

 while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

 delay(500);

 Serial.print(".");

 }

 Serial.println("WiFi connected");

 ThingSpeak.begin(client);

 }

 void loop() {

 

 float h = dht.readHumidity();

 float t = dht.readTemperature();

 if (isnan(h) || isnan(t)) {

 Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");

 return;

 }

 int httpCode = ThingSpeak.writeField(ch_id, 1, "Chandu:"+String(h)+","+String(t), apiKey);

 

 if(httpCode == 200){

 Serial.println("Channel write successful.");

 }else{

 Serial.println("Problem writing to channel. HTTP error code " + String(httpCode) );

 }

 delay(20000); // Wait 20 seconds before next reading

 }

Install NodeMCU Board Support Package

  1. Open the Arduino IDE.

 2. Go to File Preferences.

 3. In the Additional Boards Manager URLs eld, add the following URL for NodeMCU support:

 https://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json 

 4. Click OK. 5. Go to Tools Board Boards Manager. 

 6. Search for esp8266 and install the package

IOT Architectures and Protocols Laboratory

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Antennas and EMFT Practice Questions for Competitive Exams like GATE/ISRO/DRDO/BARC

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Basic Electronics Practice Questions for Competitive Exams like GATE/ISRO/DRDO/BARC

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Digital Electronics Practice Questions for Competitive Exams Like GATE/ISRO/DRDO/BARC

Digital Systems Testing and Testability Notes/ Problems with Solutions

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Coursera VLSI CAD PART-II SOLUTIONS

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